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The oil shocks of 1970s led to spiraling crude oil prices in the world market which prompted planners to view energy security as an issue of national strategic importance. Energy security has an important bearing on achieving national economic development goals and improving the quality of life of the people. World’s dependence on crude oil will continue for most part of the 21st century but the continued dependence on crude oil is loaded against it with inherent price volatility linked to finite global reserves. In addition, global warming, caused largely by greenhouse gas emissions from fossil fuel energy generating systems, is also a major concern. So, there is a need to develop alternate fuels like non-conventional sources, considering the aforesaid two concerns.
This paper describes about the solar energy, one of the non-conventional sources and different ways of using it to convert to electric energy.
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Paper By:
Ch. Raghu Ram
A.rahul
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The objective of this paper is to provide an automatic railway gate at a levelcrossing replacing the gates operated by the gatekeeper. It deals with two things. Firstly, it deals with the reduction of time for which the gate is being kept closed. And secondly, to provide safety to the road users by reducing the accidents.
By the presently existing system once the train leaves the station, the stationmaster informs the gatekeeper about the arrival of the train through the telephone. Once the gatekeeper receives the information,he closes the gate depending on the timing at which the train arrives. Hence, if the train is late due to certain reasons,then gate remain closed for a long time causing traffic near the gates.
By employing the automatic railway gate control at the level crossing the arrival of the train is detected by the sensor placed near to the gate. Hence, the time for which it is closed is less compared to the manually operated gates and also reduces the human labour. This type of gates can be employed in an unmanned level crossing where the chances of accidents are higher and reliable operation is required. Since, the operation is automatic, error due to manual operation is prevented .
Automatic railway gate control is highly economical microcontroller based arrangement, designed for use in almost all the unmanned level crossings in the country.
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Basically, the motor drive system comprises a voltage source inverter-fed induction motor (VSIM): namely a three-phase voltage source inverter and the induction motor. The squirrel-cage induction motor voltage equations are based on an orthogonal d-q reference-rotating frame where the coordinates rotate with the controlled source frequency. The paper presents a novel fuzzy logic controller for high performance induction motor drive system. The inputs to the fuzzy logic controller are the linguistic variables of speed error and change of speed error, while the output is change in switching control frequency of the voltage source inverter. In this paper a comparison between fuzzy logic controller and traditional PI controllers are presented. The results validate the robustness and effectiveness of the proposed fuzzy logic controller for high performance of induction motor drive. Simulink software that comes along with MATLAB was used to simulate the proposed model.
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